streamlined cars

1) ((of a plane, car, ship etc) shaped so as to move faster and more efficiently: the newest, most streamlined aircraft.) strømlinjet

2) (efficient and economical: streamlined business methods.) effektiv, økonomisk

1) strømlinjeformet

• streamlined cars

2) ( overført) rasjonell

• streamlined methods

[΄stri:mlaind] a շրջահոսելի ձև ունեցող ավտոմեքենա. streamlined cars ջրահոսուն ավտոմեքենա. streamlined methods փխբ. ռացիոնալ մեթոդներ

streamlined ['stri:mlaɪnd]

adjective

(a) Cars & Aviation aérodynamique; Nautical (ship) hydrodynamique; Zoology (fish, animal) à la forme hydrodynamique

(b) figurative (building) aux contours harmonieux; (kitchen, bathroom) aux lignes épurées; (figure) svelte

(c) Economics & Industry (company, production) rationalisé; (industry) dégraissé, restructuré

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

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Gresley was the son of the Rector of Netherseale, Derbyshire; he was educated at Marlborough and by the age of 13 was skilled at making sketches of locomotives. In 1893 he became a pupil of F.W. Webb at Crewe works, London \& North Western Railway, and in 1898 he moved to Horwich works, Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway, to gain drawing-office experience under J.A.F.Aspinall, subsequently becoming Foreman of the locomotive running sheds at Blackpool. In 1900 he transferred to the carriage and wagon department, and in 1904 he had risen to become its Assistant Superintendent. In 1905 he moved to the Great Northern Railway, becoming Superintendent of its carriage and wagon department at Doncaster under H.A. Ivatt. In 1906 he designed and produced a bogie luggage van with steel underframe, teak body, elliptical roof, bowed ends and buckeye couplings: this became the prototype for East Coast main-line coaches built over the next thirty-five years. In 1911 Gresley succeeded Ivatt as Locomotive, Carriage \& Wagon Superintendent. His first locomotive was a mixed-traffic 2–6–0, his next a 2–8–0 for freight. From 1915 he worked on the design of a 4–6–2 locomotive for express passenger traffic: as with Ivatt's 4 4 2s, the trailing axle would allow the wide firebox needed for Yorkshire coal. He also devised a means by which two sets of valve gear could operate the valves on a three-cylinder locomotive and applied it for the first time on a 2–8–0 built in 1918. The system was complex, but a later simplified form was used on all subsequent Gresley three-cylinder locomotives, including his first 4–6–2 which appeared in 1922. In 1921, Gresley introduced the first British restaurant car with electric cooking facilities.

With the grouping of 1923, the Great Northern Railway was absorbed into the London \& North Eastern Railway and Gresley was appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer. More 4–6– 2s were built, the first British class of such wheel arrangement. Modifications to their valve gear, along lines developed by G.J. Churchward, reduced their coal consumption sufficiently to enable them to run non-stop between London and Edinburgh. So that enginemen might change over en route, some of the locomotives were equipped with corridor tenders from 1928. The design was steadily improved in detail, and by comparison an experimental 4–6–4 with a watertube boiler that Gresley produced in 1929 showed no overall benefit. A successful high-powered 2–8–2 was built in 1934, following the introduction of third-class sleeping cars, to haul 500-ton passenger trains between Edinburgh and Aberdeen.

In 1932 the need to meet increasing road competition had resulted in the end of a long-standing agreement between East Coast and West Coast railways, that train journeys between London and Edinburgh by either route should be scheduled to take 8 1/4 hours. Seeking to accelerate train services, Gresley studied high-speed, diesel-electric railcars in Germany and petrol-electric railcars in France. He considered them for the London \& North Eastern Railway, but a test run by a train hauled by one of his 4–6–2s in 1934, which reached 108 mph (174 km/h), suggested that a steam train could better the railcar proposals while its accommodation would be more comfortable. To celebrate the Silver Jubilee of King George V, a high-speed, streamlined train between London and Newcastle upon Tyne was proposed, the first such train in Britain. An improved 4–6–2, the A4 class, was designed with modifications to ensure free running and an ample reserve of power up hill. Its streamlined outline included a wedge-shaped front which reduced wind resistance and helped to lift the exhaust dear of the cab windows at speed. The first locomotive of the class, named Silver Link, ran at an average speed of 100 mph (161 km/h) for 43 miles (69 km), with a maximum speed of 112 1/2 mph (181 km/h), on a seven-coach test train on 27 September 1935: the locomotive went into service hauling the Silver Jubilee express single-handed (since others of the class had still to be completed) for the first three weeks, a round trip of 536 miles (863 km) daily, much of it at 90 mph (145 km/h), without any mechanical troubles at all. Coaches for the Silver Jubilee had teak-framed, steel-panelled bodies on all-steel, welded underframes; windows were double glazed; and there was a pressure ventilation/heating system. Comparable trains were introduced between London Kings Cross and Edinburgh in 1937 and to Leeds in 1938.

Gresley did not hesitate to incorporate outstanding features from elsewhere into his locomotive designs and was well aware of the work of André Chapelon in France. Four A4s built in 1938 were equipped with Kylchap twin blast-pipes and double chimneys to improve performance still further. The first of these to be completed, no. 4468, Mallard, on 3 July 1938 ran a test train at over 120 mph (193 km/h) for 2 miles (3.2 km) and momentarily achieved 126 mph (203 km/h), the world speed record for steam traction. J.Duddington was the driver and T.Bray the fireman. The use of high-speed trains came to an end with the Second World War. The A4s were then demonstrated to be powerful as well as fast: one was noted hauling a 730-ton, 22-coach train at an average speed exceeding 75 mph (120 km/h) over 30 miles (48 km). The war also halted electrification of the Manchester-Sheffield line, on the 1,500 volt DC overhead system; however, anticipating eventual resumption, Gresley had a prototype main-line Bo-Bo electric locomotive built in 1941. Sadly, Gresley died from a heart attack while still in office.

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See also: Bulleid, Oliver Vaughan Snell

1) (a small river or brook: He managed to jump across the stream.) riachuelo, arroyo

2) (a flow of eg water, air etc: A stream of water was pouring down the gutter; A stream of people was coming out of the cinema; He got into the wrong stream of traffic and uttered a stream of curses.) corriente, flujo, chorro

3) (the current of a river etc: He was swimming against the stream.) corriente

4) (in schools, one of the classes into which children of the same age are divided according to ability.) clase, grupo, nivel

1) (to flow: Tears streamed down her face; Workers streamed out of the factory gates; Her hair streamed out in the wind.) manar, correr, chorrear

2) (to divide schoolchildren into classes according to ability: Many people disapprove of streaming (children) in schools.) separar por niveles

•

- streamer

stream n arroyo / riachuelo

tr[striːm]

noun

1 (brook) arroyo, riachuelo

2 (current) corriente nombre femenino

3 (flow of liquid) flujo, chorro, río; (of blood, air) chorro; (of lava, tears) torrente nombre masculino; (of light) raudal nombre masculino

4 figurative use (of people) oleada, torrente nombre masculino; (of vehicles, traffic) desfile nombre masculino continuo, caravana; (of abuse, excuses, insults) torrente nombre masculino, sarta

5 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (class, pupils) clase nombre femenino, grupo, nivel nombre masculino (de alumnos seleccionados según su nivel académico)

intransitive verb

1 (flow, pour out) manar, correr, chorrear; (gush) salir a chorros

■ tears streamed down her face las lágrimas le corrían por la cara

■ blood was streaming from the wound salía mucha sangre de la herida

■ the sun streamed through the window el sol entraba a raudales por la ventana

■ a streaming cold un catarro muy fuerte

2 figurative use (people, vehicles, etc) desfilar

■ people streamed out of the station la gente salía a raudales de la estación

3 (hair, banner, scarf) ondear

transitive verb

1 (liquid) derramar

2 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL poner en grupos según su nivel académico

\

stream of consciousness monólogo interior

stream ['stri:m] vi

: correr, salir a chorros

tears streamed from his eyes: las lágrimas brotaban de sus ojos

stream vt

: derramar, dejar correr

to stream blood: derramar sangre

stream n

1) brook: arroyo m, riachuelo m

2) river: río m

3) flow: corriente f, chorro m

• arroyo s.m.

• chorro s.m.

• corriente s.m.

• flujo s.m.

• raudal s.m.

• río s.m.

• arrojar v.

• chorrear v.

• correr v.

• flotar v.

• fluir v.

• manar v.

• ondear v.

1)

a) ( small river) arroyo m, riachuelo m

b) ( current) corriente f

2) ( flow)

3) (BrE Educ) conjunto de alumnos agrupados según su nivel de aptitud para una asignatura

1)

a) ( flow) (+ adv compl)

b) ( run with liquid)

2) ( wave) \<\<flag/hair\>\> ondear

1) ( emit)

2) (BrE Educ) dividir (a los alumnos) en grupos según su aptitud para una asignatura

1. N

1) (=brook) arroyo m, riachuelo m

2) (=current) corriente f

3) (=jet, gush) [of liquid] chorro m ; [of light] raudal m ; [of air] chorro m, corriente f ; [of lava] río m ; [of insults, abuse] sarta f ; [of letters, questions, complaints] lluvia f

4) (Brit) (Scol) grupo de alumnos de la misma edad y aptitud académica

5) (Ind)

2. VI

1) (=pour)

a) (lit)

b) (fig)

2) (=water, run)

3) (=flutter) [flag, hair, scarf] ondear

3. VT

1)

2) (Brit) (Scol) [+ pupils] agrupar, clasificar (según su aptitud académica)

* * *

1)

a) ( small river) arroyo m, riachuelo m

b) ( current) corriente f

2) ( flow)

3) (BrE Educ) conjunto de alumnos agrupados según su nivel de aptitud para una asignatura

1)

a) ( flow) (+ adv compl)

b) ( run with liquid)

2) ( wave) \<\<flag/hair\>\> ondear

1) ( emit)

2) (BrE Educ) dividir (a los alumnos) en grupos según su aptitud para una asignatura

1) (small river) corso m. d'acqua, torrente m., ruscello m.

2) (current) corrente f.

3) (flow)

4) BE scol. = gruppo di studenti dello stesso livello

••

verbo transitivo BE scol. dividere in gruppi secondo il livello [class, children]

1) (flow) [blood, water] scorrere, fluire

2) (move) [cars, people] (into a place) affluire; (out of a place) defluire

3) (flutter) [banners, hair] ondeggiare, fluttuare

4) [ eyes] lacrimare (molto); [ nose] colare

•

- stream in

- stream out

* * *

1) (a small river or brook: He managed to jump across the stream.) ruscello

2) (a flow of eg water, air etc: A stream of water was pouring down the gutter; A stream of people was coming out of the cinema; He got into the wrong stream of traffic and uttered a stream of curses.) torrente

3) (the current of a river etc: He was swimming against the stream.) corrente

4) (in schools, one of the classes into which children of the same age are divided according to ability.) sezione

1) (to flow: Tears streamed down her face; Workers streamed out of the factory gates; Her hair streamed out in the wind.) uscire, fluire; ondeggiare

2) (to divide schoolchildren into classes according to ability: Many people disapprove of streaming (children) in schools.) (selezionare e dividere)

•

- streamer

* * *

1) (small river) corso m. d'acqua, torrente m., ruscello m.

2) (current) corrente f.

3) (flow)

4) BE scol. = gruppo di studenti dello stesso livello

••

verbo transitivo BE scol. dividere in gruppi secondo il livello [class, children]

1) (flow) [blood, water] scorrere, fluire

2) (move) [cars, people] (into a place) affluire; (out of a place) defluire

3) (flutter) [banners, hair] ondeggiare, fluttuare

4) [ eyes] lacrimare (molto); [ nose] colare

•

- stream in

- stream out

1) (of flowing water) Wasserlauf, der; (brook) Bach, der

2) (flow, large quantity) Strom, der; (of abuse, excuses, words) Schwall, der

3) (current) Strömung, die; (fig.) Trend, der

4) (Brit. Educ.) Parallelzug, der

5)

- academic.ru/92165/stream_in">stream in

- stream out

- stream past

- stream through

* * *

1) (a small river or brook: He managed to jump across the stream.) der Wasserlauf

2) (a flow of eg water, air etc: A stream of water was pouring down the gutter; A stream of people was coming out of the cinema; He got into the wrong stream of traffic and uttered a stream of curses.) der Strom

3) (the current of a river etc: He was swimming against the stream.) der Strom

4) (in schools, one of the classes into which children of the same age are divided according to ability.) die Leistungsgruppe

1) (to flow: Tears streamed down her face; Workers streamed out of the factory gates; Her hair streamed out in the wind.) strömen

2) (to divide schoolchildren into classes according to ability: Many people disapprove of streaming (children) in schools.) in Leistungsgruppen einteilen

•

- streamer

* * *

I. n

1. (small river) Bach m, Flüsschen nt

mountain \stream Bergbach m

2. (flow) of liquid Strahl m; of people Strom m

a \stream of oil gushed out of the ruptured tank eine Ölfontäne schoss aus dem geplatzten Tank

the blood \stream der Blutkreislauf

\stream of consciousness LIT Bewusstseinsstrom m fachspr

\stream of investment FIN Investitionskette f

\stream of light breiter Lichtstrahl

\stream of visitors Besucherstrom m

\stream of water Wasserstrahl m

3. (continuous series) Flut f, Schwall m

there has been a steady \stream of phone calls asking about the car I'm selling seit ich den Wagen verkaufen will, steht das Telefon nicht mehr still

a \stream of abuse eine Schimpfkanonade

a \stream of insults [or invective] ein Schwall m von Beleidigungen

4. ( also fig: current) Strömung f a. fig

The Gulf S\stream der Golfstrom

against the \stream gegen die Strömung

with the \stream mit der Strömung

it's easier go with the \stream than against it ( fig) es ist leichter mit dem Strom als gegen ihn zu schwimmen

5. + sing/pl vb BRIT, AUS SCH (group) Leistungsgruppe f

6. POL, ADMIN (civil service career) Vorrücken nt (in der Beamtenlaufbahn)

the fast \stream die steile Beamtenkarriere

7. COMPUT Strom m

to be on \stream in Betrieb sein

to come on \stream den Betrieb aufnehmen, hochladen, rauffahren ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ fam

II. vi

1. (flow) blood, tears strömen; water fließen, rinnen

with tears \streaming down one's face mit tränenüberströmtem Gesicht

\streaming rain strömender Regen

2. (run) nose laufen; eyes tränen

3. (move in numbers) strömen

4. (shine) light, sun strömen

the curtains were not drawn and light \streamed into the room die Vorhänge waren nicht zugezogen, und Licht durchflutete das Zimmer

5. (flutter) clothing flattern; hair wehen

his hair \streamed behind him sein Haar wehte im Wind

III. vt BRIT, AUS SCH

▪ to \stream sb jdn in Leistungsgruppen einteilen

* * *

1. n

1) (= small river) Bach m, Flüsschen nt; (= current) Strömung f

2) (= flow of liquid, air, people, cars) Strom m; (of light, tears) Flut f; (of words, excuses, abuse) Schwall m, Flut f

3) (Brit SCH) Leistungsgruppe f

4) (TECH)

2. vt

1) (liter)

2) (Brit SCH) in (Leistungs)gruppen einteilen

3. vi

1) (= flow liquid) strömen, fließen, rinnen; (eyes because of cold, gas etc) tränen; (air, sunlight) strömen, fluten; (people, cars etc) strömen

2) (= wave flag, hair) wehen

* * *

stream [striːm]

A s

1. a) Wasserlauf m

b) Bach m, Flüsschen n

2. Strom m, Strömung f:

go ( oder swim) against (with) the stream gegen den (mit dem) Strom schwimmen (a. fig);

down stream stromabwärts;

up stream stromaufwärts

3. (Blut-, Gas-, Menschen- etc) Strom m, (Licht-, Tränen- etc) Flut f:

stream of abuse Schimpfkanonade f umg;

stream of air Luftstrom;

stream of words Wortschwall m;

stream of consciousness PSYCH Bewusstseinsstrom;

stream-of-consciousness novel Bewusstseinsstromroman m

4. fig Strömung f, Richtung f

5. SCHULE Br Leistungsgruppe f (innerhalb einer Klasse)

6. Gang m, Lauf m (der Zeit etc)

7. be on stream in Betrieb sein, (Kraftwerk etc auch) am Netz sein;

come on stream den Betrieb aufnehmen, (Kraftwerk etc auch) ans Netz gehen

B v/i

1. strömen (Flüssigkeit), tränen (Augen):

stream with triefen vor (dat);

sweat was (tears were) streaming down her face der Schweiß lief( Tränen liefen) ihr übers Gesicht;

her face was streaming with sweat (tears) ihr Gesicht war schweiß-(tränen)überströmt

2. strömen, fluten (Licht, Menschen etc)

3. (im Wind) flattern (Fahne etc)

4. fließen (Haare)

5. dahinschießen (Meteor)

C v/t

1. aus-, verströmen:

his nose streamed blood aus seiner Nase strömte Blut

2. SCHIFF eine Boje auswerfen, -setzen

3. SCHULE Br eine Klasse in Leistungsgruppen einteilen

* * *

1) (of flowing water) Wasserlauf, der; (brook) Bach, der

2) (flow, large quantity) Strom, der; (of abuse, excuses, words) Schwall, der

3) (current) Strömung, die; (fig.) Trend, der

4) (Brit. Educ.) Parallelzug, der

5)

- stream in

- stream out

- stream past

- stream through

* * *

Bach ¨-e m.

Fluss ¨-e m.

Strom ¨-e m. v.

flattern v.

strömen v.

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines

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Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.

Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.

In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.

Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.

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